Some communities even have volunteers for this type of crime and the support of non-profit organizations or private business. The key is the partnership. The law enforcement agencies are much more effective in a city where they have the help and partnership from the community. Quick detection of graffiti provides better information for developing effective interventions. Monitoring may include documenting graffiti through photographs or video. In some places, graffiti provides a barometer of gang activity and relations between gangs.
To monitor graffiti-prone locations, Phoenix has used night vision and digital cameras, while Philadelphia and Sydney have used closed-circuit television CCTV.
In Philadelphia and on Los Angeles buses, plainclothes officers have monitored graffiti. In other jurisdictions, Neighborhood Watch and other groups systematically monitor graffiti.
In Lakewood, Colorado, citizens' academy graduates take graffiti reports, photograph graffiti and monitor graffiti locations. In New South Wales, "graffiti spotters" have this role. Employees such as bus drivers or maintenance workers can immediately report vandalism through two-way radios.
Increasing reporting of graffiti and offenders. Communities have also used cell phone reporting, voice mail, emergency cell service, and connection to neighborhood watch groups. Other methods to increase observation involve design, such as eliminating blind spots of underpasses, or park paths, installing windows or building parking lots within view of residences and designing spacious areas with good visibility.
Increasing formal observation of graffiti-prone locations. Such observation may include the use of uniformed or undercover personnel or covert surveillance, and may target fixed locations or mobile locations such as buses and trains. Increasing electronic security. Formal observation of graffiti-prone locations can be carried out via electronic methods.
CCTV has shown promising evidence of reducing vandalism, including graffiti. There are substantial up-front and operating costs to CCTV, and decisions must be made as to whether cameras will be actively or passively monitored, or activated by motion detectors. If CCTV is to be used for evidence, good picture quality, adequate lighting and follow-up investigation are necessary. If CCTV is to be used to apprehend offenders in progress, it must be actively monitored. Signs warning of CCTV are often posted to discourage offenders; such deterrence may contribute to graffiti's spread to other locations.
There is also evidence that CCTV's crime prevention benefits may spread to other locations. CCTV will not be effective everywhere, but can be adapted. For example, video surveillance with infrared technology has been used on buses, while electronic surveillance robots monitor CCTV screens in some jurisdictions, and emit warning alarms. Other types of electronic security include infrared beams, which are used around trains in London. Use of CCTV may result in reduced vigilance, as electronic surveillance may create a false sense of security.
But the presence of CCTV may also reassure citizens, and public support for it is often high. Conducting publicity campaigns. On their own, publicity campaigns are of limited effectiveness. However, many publicity efforts are combined with other strategies. A number of publicity campaigns can be described as beautification efforts, consisting of community cleanup days to eliminate graffiti, litter and other signs of disorder.
In many jurisdictions, these cleanup days require volunteers, but some may involve court-adjudicated offenders who are working off community service time. In contrast to the systematic graffiti removal described above, publicity campaigns are usually one-time or episodic cleanups of specific areas.
An extension of the cleanup programs are ownership initiatives such as Adopt-a-Block, Adopt-a-Bus, Adopt-a-Station, or other efforts to maintain the "cared for" environment in public areas. Some of the adoption schemes involve painting murals on transit shelters, invoking a presumed conscience that deters graffiti offenders from marring others' artistic endeavors.
It is assumed that graffiti is easier to detect where no other graffiti exists, and cleaned areas invoke a sense of ownership and responsibility among users of the areas. Other publicity efforts include posters to publicize anti-graffiti efforts, public service announcements, flyers, brochures, and the like.
Publicity campaigns often include information on the harms of graffiti, the costs of graffiti, how to detect a graffiti offender, and how to report graffiti. Publicity and educational campaigns have been shown to be effective in reducing graffiti when used to publicize surveillance of vandalized buses; the effects even extended beyond the crime prevention targets. Publicity campaigns often discourage the use of graffiti in advertising and art exhibits, as well as media coverage of graffiti, recognizing that such attention serves to further contribute to the notoriety graffiti offenders seek.
Care is taken to avoid glorifying graffiti, and generating more of it as a result. Increasing the Difficulty of Offending 7. Vandal-proofing graffiti-prone locations. Graffiti offenders can be thwarted by vandal-proofing vulnerable surfaces in vulnerable areas, a process that often involves modifying surface textures. Anti-graffiti coverings and surfaces make surfaces easy to clean, difficult to write on, or both. There are six primary types: Paint-like products such as polyurethane-based coatings are resistant to graffiti and easy to clean.
These are suitable for steel, concrete and brickwork. Wash-off coatings—known as sacrificial coatings—are wax or silicon applications on walls or buildings. When hot water is applied, these coatings break down, allowing graffiti to be washed off. Such surfaces are particularly difficult for offenders to draw on or paint. Dark or colorful surfaces make graffiti less visible, thus deterring offenders. Dark surfaces are more difficult to mark up, although light paint can be used.
Colorful or busy surfaces, such as advertisements on the sides of buses, deflect graffiti. Non-solid surfaces, such as open-grill storefront security screens rather than solid panels, may deflect graffiti. Easily cleaned materials may be installed in highly vulnerable areas. Controlling access to graffiti-prone locations.
Controlling access to graffiti-prone locations physically bars offenders from vulnerable areas. Means of access control include: Graffiti hoods to buffer freeway signs Metal baffles on sign poles, which work like squirrel baffles on bird feeders Walls, fences, locked alleys, barriers, chasms, and rails, sometimes supplemented by barbed wire Recessed walls Dense or thorny plants, or climbing vines Razor wire or jagged metal wrapped around sign poles.
Focusing on chronic offenders. In the 21st century, big-name street artists like Banksy and Shepard Fairey have made many people sympathetic to graffiti as an art form.
But city planners know that the overwhelming majority of graffiti is petty vandalism, or worse, gang-related. And it really is overwhelming to thousands of municipal budgets all over North America. Now, city planners and public works departments can prevent graffiti and vandalism before it causes expensive damage.
TW film is a new multilayer wrap that can be applied to utility boxes, traffic cabinets, bus stops, traffic signs, and other commonly vandalized public property. In one study, most offenders were ages 15 to 23; many of the offenders were students. Offenders may typically be male, inner-city blacks and Latinos, but female, as well as white and Asian, participation is growing.
Tagging is not restricted by class lines. In Sydney, Australia, graffiti offenders, while mostly boys, include girls; offenders are typically ages 13 to Graffiti offenders typically operate in groups, with perhaps 15 to 20 percent operating alone. Graffiti offenders often use spray paint, although they may also produce graffiti with large markers or by etching, the latter especially on glass surfaces. Glass etching fluids include acids, such as Etch Bath and Armour Etch, developed as hobby products for decorating glass.
Vandals squirt or rub the acids onto glass. In New York City, when transit system personnel used paint solvents to remove graffiti, offenders adapted by spraying a surface with epoxy, writing their graffiti and then coating the surface with shellac, which proved very difficult to remove. The making of graffiti is characterized by anonymity—hence relative safety from detection and apprehension. Most offenders work quickly, when few people are around.
Graffiti predominantly occurs late on weekend nights, though there is little systematic evidence about this. In British transit studies, graffiti incidents typically occurred in off-peak or non-rush hours. Thursdays through Sundays. Offenders tagged school walls daily. There is widespread concern that participation in graffiti may be an initial or gateway offense from which offenders may graduate to more sophisticated or harmful crimes.
Graffiti offenders who operate as members of gangs or crews may also engage in fighting. Graffiti often appears in hard-to-reach yet highly visible locations, such as on the upper-story windows of this warehouse. Young male gang members may engage in a substantial amount of graffiti. Street Prostitution Learning Module. Graffiti Guide No. Participation in graffiti is often inadvertently encouraged through police contacts, media attention and public recognition of it through advertising or art displays — all can serve to enhance the offender's reputation or notoriety.
Characteristics and Patterns of Graffiti Offenders Graffiti offenders are typically young and male.
0コメント