If both fractions are positive and have a common numerator , the fraction with the smaller denominator is greater than the other fraction. If both fractions are negative and have a common numerator , the fraction with the smaller denominator is less than the other fraction.
Then we compare the numerators from left to right. About Us. For Teachers. Math Lessons. Was this lesson helpful? Why wasn't it helpful? Too long Confusing Didn't help me understand Boring Too difficult. Which sections were not helpful? Anything else? Continue Feedback. We can apply the same concept to comparing numbers. The wide end of the sign should always open to the greater number. How do we find the greater number?
The number that has the first place value with a bigger digit is farther from 0 on the number line. Move Left Move Right. Why is a bigger negative number less than a smaller negative number? Check out our. Calculator Explore. Dec Frac. Next Example. How to Compare Numbers Compare a negative and a positive decimal and a decimal fraction and a fraction decimal and a fraction.
No steps here! Step 1. Line up the decimal points. Step 3. Imagine the two decimals on a number line. The number farthest to the right is the greater number. Check the denominators. I shall therefore focus my analysis on the interpretation of that provision, taking into consideration its wording, its objective and the need to ensure its effectiveness. First, they must be communications for the purposes of direct marketing, that is to say, communications for commercial purposes that are addressed directly and individually to users of electronic communications services.
That provision applies only to direct marketing communications which reach their recipients directly and individually via certain electronic communication media, such as electronic mail. Like the Commission, I note that those messages appear in the inbox of the account of an email service user, that is to say, a place which is normally designated for electronic mails stricto sensu constituted by private emails. Due to its positioning in the inbox of the account of an email service user, the advertising practice at issue makes it possible to reach that user directly and individually in the private sphere constituted by that password-protected inbox, with an effectiveness that seems to me to be comparable to that of unsolicited emails spam.
By appearing on the same level as private emails, the advertising at issue enjoys the same amount of attention as users devote to the latter. As the Commission rightly points out, in such a situation, economic operators who compete to distribute such advertising are making use of private email inboxes — and the interest and trust which the users of an email service have in that inbox — by giving their advertising messages an appearance which, except for a few minimal differences, is similar to that of private emails.
Moreover, since the advertising messages occupy lines in the inbox that are normally designated for private emails and because of their similarity to the latter, there is a likelihood of confusion between those two categories of messages that may cause a user who clicks on the line corresponding to the advertising message to be redirected unintentionally to a website offering the advertisement at issue instead of continuing to access his private emails.
Like the Commission, I consider that although, unlike private emails, the advertising message appears against a grey background, does not take up any storage space and does not offer the usual functionalities of emails, that does not mean that there is no breach of the privacy of email service users.
Since, as they appear in the same list as private emails, the advertising messages at issue in the main proceedings require the same amount of attention and the same action to delete them as unsolicited emails spam , the level of nuisance appears to me to be the same. Moreover, the fact that those messages do not have the same functionalities as emails creates a greater nuisance than unsolicited emails spam , since the special treatment they require may lead to errors when they are deleted, or unintentional clicks on the advertisement.
In short, the infringement of privacy here seems to me to be characterised by the use of a means of communication, in this case electronic mail, that is normally reserved for sending and receiving private correspondence. In contrast to advertising banners that are displayed at the edges of, and separately from, the list of private emails, the presence of the advertising messages at issue in the main proceedings inside the private email inbox, which the user regards as coming within his private sphere, impedes access to those emails to an extent and in a manner very similar to what happens in the case of unsolicited emails spam.
Intrusion into the private sphere through use of an email inbox is therefore established and is sufficient in my view for the technique of direct marketing at issue in the main proceedings to be made subject to the requirement of prior consent on the part of an email service user.
The objective sought by the EU legislature, which is to protect the user against permanent saturation of his inboxes or private telephone lines by unsolicited commercial messages or calls, therefore requires the effectiveness of that provision to be ensured.
This means that the latter must be interpreted as applying to advertising messages which, due to their similarity to a private email and their positioning in the list of private emails, infringes the privacy of users of email services. I, like the Portuguese Government, consider that whether the choice of recipient is random or predetermined does not constitute a condition for the application of that provision. In other words, it is irrelevant whether the advertising at issue is addressed to a predetermined and individually identified recipient or is sent on a mass, random basis to multiple recipients.
Consequently, direct marketing of that type is not allowed unless the recipient has given his prior consent. As I stated above, it must be at least freely given, specific and informed consent. In that regard, it is for the national court to determine whether, during the process of registering the free email address, or at some other time, the user has been informed in detail of the procedure whereby the advertising is displayed upon opening the web page corresponding to that email account.
It is necessary, in particular, to ensure that that user has been informed in clear and specific terms that advertising banners are displayed not only at the edges of, and separately from, the list of private emails, but also within the list itself. Such information must enable the user to determine easily the consequences of any consent he might give and ensure that the consent given is well informed.
The business model on which a number of email service providers on the internet operate is often based on advertising. In that regard, the user of such services accepts that the free provision of that service is to some extent offset by the display of advertisements. From the point of view of that user, the advertising message looks like an email that has been sent to him individually.
As the Commission states, the effect of that message is therefore similar to that of individual direct marketing, whether or not the advertiser has singled out that specific recipient during the technical preparation of the message in question and whether or not that message is processed differently from emails in terms of storage space and functionalities.
It should also be borne in mind that that user sent a letter of formal notice to eprimo on 20 December concerning an advertisement of 12 December and thus expressly notified that company of his wish not to receive that type of advertisement.
In the light of the foregoing considerations, I propose that the Court reply as follows to the questions referred for a preliminary ruling by the Bundesgerichtshof Federal Court of Justice, Germany :. Skip to main content. This document is an excerpt from the EUR-Lex website. EU case-law Case-law Digital reports Directory of case-law.
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