Volcanic history and evolution of Maroa-Taupo area, central North Island. Roy Soc New Zeal Bull , Caldera volcanoes of the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand. Res , The Taupo eruption, New Zealand. General aspects. Coordinates of TL and BR corners are? Red star shows region of fastest subsidence.
Hole, J. Bromley, N. Stevens, and G. Wadge, Geophysical Journal International , 1 , Otway, P. Vertical deformation at Lake Taupo, New Zealand, from lake levelling surveys, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 45 1 , Remarks: Deformation at Lake Taupo is observed from to and is related to an earthquake swarm that began on 17 June The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full dpi map.
Very small-scale maps such as world maps are not included. The maps database originated over 30 years ago, but was only recently updated and connected to our main database.
We welcome users to tell us if they see incorrect information or other problems with the maps; please use the Contact GVP link at the bottom of the page to send us email. Catalog number links will open a window with more information. References The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography.
Eruptive History There is data available for 25 Holocene eruptive periods. Deformation History There is data available for 6 deformation periods. Expand each entry for additional details. From: Samsonov et al. Reference List: Hole et al. Full References: Hole, J. Full References: Otway, P. Reference List: Otway et al. The km-wide caldera is not topographically prominent but has been the source of powerful rhyolitic eruptions from the late Pleistocene throughout the Holocene.
The 35,year-old Tauhara lava dome forms the peak in the background. Volcanologists Colin Wilson and Peter Ballance examine a roadcut that dissects deposits of major eruptions from the Taupo volcanic center.
The bottom visible unit is an exposure of an unwelded pyroclastic flow deposit from the Oruanui eruption, which formed Taupo's initial caldera about 22, years ago. Light-colored pumice fall deposits from other major eruptions are between it and the deposits of the 1,year-old Taupo eruption upper right , which were responsible for Taupo's second caldera. The broad forested peak below the center horizon is the Pleistocene Pihanga volcano. The steep-sided cone on the horizon to its right is Ngauruhoe, the youngest cone of the Tongariro complex.
The broad massif to its right is Tongariro. The snow-capped massif on the left-center horizon is Ruapehu. It ejected some cubic km of magma and cubic km of debris in total, covering the Chatham Islands, km away, with a layer of ash 18 cm deep. The VEI takes into account how much volcanic material is thrown out, how high it goes and how long the eruption lasts. The scale goes from zero to eight, each degree signifying an eruption 10 times more powerful than the previous.
Two large international events, Krakatau in and Mount Pinatubo in , are rated at six, an eruption equivalent to detonating megatons of TNT—about 13, times the nuclear yield of the bomb that devastated Hiroshima. The Oruanui eruption of Taupo is graded eight, a hundred-fold increase in the magnitude of Pinatubo and Krakatau and one of the most violent eruptions ever to occur.
Then all went quiet, though the geologists warn that it will erupt again. They monitor its activity with an array of seismographs and keep a close eye on the lake surface—a giant spirit level indicating any changes in the stability of its foundations. GNS geophysicist Hugh Bibby has been probing the Taupo Volcanic Zone with low-frequency electromagnetic waves to measure electrical conductivity of rocks within the Earth. There was hot music, spicy food, explosive art and even a host of fire-breathing performers.
Ka Hoki whaka muri nga ra…and the days went backwards and the night became day, and day became the night. Trees shrivelled up and rocks ran like water. The earth shakes…the earth trembles. Terror ran through the land and cried out to the skies. We waited there for many days for the choking smoke to clear and the Sun to return. When it first appeared in , the book inspired throngs of new-agers to reinvent themselves as born-again Waitaha, and many applauded Brailsford for his bravery. But there are other shreds of evidence which, while far from conclusive, make for interesting reading.
In , he was called to a dig conducted by an amateur archaeologist, Russell Price, on a farm in Hawkes Bay. Because Price had a problem: it was not so much what he was finding but where. Many of the artefacts were buried under a layer of undisturbed ash from the c. Now they both had a problem.
The world of science likes its horizons gradually expanded, not blown asunder. In the summer of —70 a team of geologists from Victoria University was brought in to resolve the matter. The case was closed. But I did not fish. I looked over the expanse of water and thought of what lay beneath, the scale of the inferno, its ferocity, the heat that could melt a body in a flash. And how grand, that with skill and knowledge, we can not only live in such close proximity to this fire but bend it to our needs also.
But maybe, just like in Taupo, this free energy is already available for those with the know-how to tap it. As the Waitaha story goes, Taupo Nui Atea, where rocks float and the earth steams, is an awesome power. We live on a ticking time bomb. Beneath the thin crust of Aotearoa, titanic forces gather and frequently erupt with lethal outpourings of fire and brimstone. The most powerful of past eruptions extinguished plant and animal life in the central North Island, redefining the landscape in its wake.
Given that even small-scale eruptions cause serious damage, another eruption of similar proportions could well threaten human habitation of these isles. Volcanoes come in a wide range of forms—only a small number such as Taranaki and Ngauruhoe are cone-shaped. These are stratovolcanoes, composed of layered lava flows and volcanic ash and debris.
Others, like Mt Tarawera, are dome-shaped and composed largely of viscous lava which flows less readily. New Zealand has a dense concentration of youthful rhyolitic volcanoes. The Taupo Volcanic Zone TVZ , an area from the central North Island peaks to White Island in the Bay of Plenty, is the hub of all this activity, but further north, the Auckland Volcanic Field consists of around 50 individual prominences and there are numerous sea-mounts and small islands, including 25 submarine volcanoes within km of the coast.
Taupo is unusual in having had at least two caldera-forming eruptions, the Oruanui and c. Between these major events, frequent explosive and dome-building eruptions have occurred. Taupo and Okataina—calderas within the TVZ—are the most productive and frequently active rhyolite caldera volcanoes on Earth. While the TVZ has been active for 1.
Whakamaru spewed huge volumes of ash into the South Pacific and subantarctic regions, and deposits have even been identified 10, km from the source. Papakura geyser. Mayor Island. Auckland Volcanic Field. Brothers Volcano. Raoul Island. Volcanic Hazards. Monitoring Our Volcanoes. Volcanoes at a Plate Boundary. Lesson Plans.
0コメント